PODMESWAR HELP SECTOR: Chapter - 2 HTML and CSS3, Computer Science, Class ten ( 10 ), ASSEB ( SEBA ), Prepared by Podmeswar through AI

Warning Disclaimer Notice:

The below answers and discussions are directly prepared by copy-paste from www.google.com, Googole AI Overview, https://gemini.google.com/app , https://chatgpt.com/,etc,

These are only for understanding to improve the concept only; not for answers. We have not checked these clearly. Some mistakes may be happened. We are not responsible for any wrong information and answers. Please check yourself, yourselves and discuss with your expert teachers for the final approval or accepted the answers.

PART - I Introduction

Exercise

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. ______________ documents are made up of text content and special codes.

2. ______________ are used to write notes about an HTML document.

3. HTML document is saved with an extension ____________

4. ___________ are used to view the HTML documents.

5. The __________ element include both on and off tags.

6. The ___________ element splits the line and displays the text on a new line.

Answer:

1. HTML documents are made up of text content and special codes (tags).

2. Comments (using ) are used to write notes about an HTML document.

3. HTML document is saved with an extension .html or .htm.

4. Web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox) are used to view the HTML documents.

5. The element (like <p>...</p>) includes both on (start) and off (end) tags.

6. The <br> (break) element splits the line and displays the text on a new line.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Which is the correct way to comment out something in HTML?

i. Using ## and #

ii. Using 

iii. Using </-- and -/->

iv. Using <!-- and -!>

Answer:

The correct way to comment out something in HTML is using  [1]. This is option ii.

Here is an example:

html

2. The ___________ tag draws a horizontal line across the web page.

i. <br> ii. <hr> iii. <line>

Answer:

The correct tag is ii. <hr>, which stands for "horizontal rule" and draws a horizontal line across a webpage, unlike <br> (line break) or <line> (which isn't a standard HTML tag for this purpose).

· <hr>: Draws a horizontal line (horizontal rule) to separate content.

· <br>: Inserts a single line break, moving text to the next line.

3. ______________ provides a set of style rules for defining the layout of the HTML

documents.

i. CSS ii. WSS iii. TSS

Answer:

i. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) provides a set of style rules for defining the layout of HTML documents.

4. A property and its value are collectively known as ____________

i. Selector ii. Attribute iii. Declaration

Answer:

(iii) Declaration

A property and its value, like color: blue, are collectively known as a declaration in CSS, which specifies styling; the property is the characteristic (e.g., color) and the value is the setting (e.g., blue), forming a key-value pair often called a property-value pair, though "Declaration" fits the options best in a styling context.

· Declaration: In CSS, property: value; (e.g., font-size: 16px;) is a complete declaration.

· Attribute: In HTML, attributes provide extra information about elements (e.g., <img src="image.jpg">), often containing property-value pairs.

· Selector: This targets the HTML element to which the declaration is applied (e.g., p in p { color: red; }).

5. Which tag indicates the beginning and end of the HTML documents?

i. <HEAD> ii. <BODY> iii. <HTML>

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ iii. <HTML>.

The <html> tag acts as the container for all other HTML elements and explicitly tells the web browser where the HTML-formatted document begins and ends.

Explanation

· The <html> element is known as the root element of a web page.

· Every HTML document begins with the start tag <html> and finishes with the closing tag </html>.

· All other structural elements, such as the head and the body, must be nested inside these tags.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ <HEAD>: This tag indicates the beginning of the header section, which contains metadata, titles, and links to scripts or stylesheets. It does not encompass the entire document.

· ❌ <BODY>: This tag defines the beginning and end of the visible content of the web page (such as text, images, and links) rather than the entire HTML document itself.

6. Which of the following is used to define the style for a single HTML page?

i. Inline CSS ii. Internal CSS iii. External CSS

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ ii. Internal CSS.

Explanation

Internal CSS (also known as embedded CSS) is specifically used to define styles for a single HTML page. It is placed within the <style> tag inside the <head> section of an HTML document. This method is ideal when one individual page needs a unique look that does not apply to the rest of the website.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ i. Inline CSS: This method is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element rather than an entire page. It uses the style attribute directly within the HTML tag.

· ❌ iii. External CSS: This method is used to define styles for many HTML pages or an entire website. It involves linking a separate .css file to multiple HTML documents using the <link> tag.

III. APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Yashvi was styling an HTML document using CSS. She wants to add styles directly to an HTML tag using the style attribute with the tag. How can she do this?

Answer:

Yashvi can add styles directly to an HTML tag using the style attribute by declaring CSS properties and values within the tag itself. This is known as inline CSS [1].

The syntax is:

html

Content

</tagname>

For example, to change the color and font size of a paragraph (<p> tag), she would write:

html

This is a blue paragraph with a font size of 16 pixels.

</p>

Key points to remember:

· Each declaration (e.g., color: blue;) consists of a property and a value, separated by a colon (:).

· Multiple declarations are separated by a semicolon (;).

· This method has the highest priority and overrides styles defined in a <style> block or external stylesheets [1].

2. Rohan wants to divide his web page into different sections so that the content is easily readable. Which tag can he use for this? Which attributes can he use to define some extra properties of this tag?

Answer:

Rohan can use the HTML <div> tag to divide his web page into different sections for improved readability.

HTML Tag for Sections

The <div> tag (short for "division") is a block-level container used to group larger chunks of content. By using multiple <div> elements, Rohan can structure his content into distinct sections, such as a header, navigation bar, main content area, and footer, making the page layout clearer and more manageable [1].

While <div> is still widely used, modern HTML5 also introduced semantic tags like <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, and <nav>, which provide more meaning to the content they contain and are often preferred for better accessibility and search engine optimization [1].

Attributes for Extra Properties

Rohan can use the following attributes with the <div> tag to define extra properties:

Attribute	Description	Example
class	Specifies one or more class names for an element, often used to apply specific styles defined in a CSS stylesheet [1].	<div class="main-content">
id	Specifies a unique ID for an element. This is useful for targeting a specific section with CSS or JavaScript [1].	<div id="section-two">
style	Specifies an inline CSS style for an element, directly changing its appearance without referring to an external stylesheet [1].	<div style="background-color: #f0f0f0;">
title	Specifies extra information about the element. This text is typically shown as a tooltip when the user hovers over the element [1].	<div title="This is the main section">

By utilizing these tags and attributes, Rohan can create a well-organized and visually appealing web page structure.

3. Kirti wants to set the image of a park as the background of her web page but she is unable to do it. Which tag should she use to do so? Give the syntax.

Answer:

Kirti should use the <body> tag with the background attribute in HTML for a simple solution, or preferably use CSS with the background-image property for better control, applying it to the body element to set the park image as her webpage's background. The HTML syntax is <body background="park.jpg">, while the CSS syntax (inside <style> or a .css file) is body { background-image: url("park.jpg"); }, often with background-size: cover; and background-repeat: no-repeat; for full coverage.

HTML Method (Simple but less flexible)

· Tag: <body>

· Syntax: <body background="park.jpg"> (Replace "park.jpg" with the actual file name/path).

CSS Method (Recommended for modern web)

This involves two parts: your HTML file and a CSS style.

1. In your HTML file (inside <head> or linked CSS file):

html

<style>

body {

background-image: url("park.jpg"); /* Path to your park image */

background-size: cover; /* Makes image cover the whole page */

background-repeat: no-repeat; /* Prevents image from tiling */

background-position: center; /* Centers the image */

}

</style>

2. Your HTML (just the <body> tag):

html

<body>

</body>

This CSS method provides more control over how the background image appears, ensuring it scales and positions correctly.

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. What is a markup language?

Answer:

A markup language is a system for annotating text with tags or codes to define its structure, presentation, and meaning, allowing computers to interpret and display content like headings, paragraphs, lists, and links correctly, with HTML (for web pages) and XML (for data) being popular examples. Unlike programming languages, markup languages describe what content is (e.g., a heading) rather than how to perform actions, using symbols like <> to mark up text for specific functions.

Key Characteristics:

· Uses Tags: Elements are enclosed in tags, such as <h1> for a main heading or <p> for a paragraph.

· Provides Structure: Organizes content into logical parts (headings, lists, tables).

· Separates Content from Presentation: Defines structure, while separate languages like CSS handle visual styling.

· Human-Readable: Generally more readable than traditional programming languages.

Common Examples:

· HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The foundation of web pages, defining structure and elements.

· XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A more general-purpose language for structuring and transporting data.

· Markdown: A lightweight markup language for simple text formatting, common in documentation and forums.

How it Works:

A web browser reads an HTML document, interprets the tags (like <p>), and renders the text accordingly, displaying it as formatted content rather than showing the tags themselves.

2. Write some feature of HTML.

Answer:

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. Key features include its simplicity, platform independence, and strong support for multimedia and hyperlinking.

Core Features of HTML

· Simple and Easy to Learn: HTML uses simple, human-readable tags (e.g., <h1>, <p>, <a>) to define the structure and content of a web page, making it beginner-friendly.

· Platform Independent: HTML documents can be displayed on any device, operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux, etc.), or web browser without requiring modifications.

· Browser Support: All major web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) universally support HTML, ensuring consistent display and functionality of web content across different platforms.

· Hyperlinking: HTML's "Hypertext" feature allows seamless navigation between different web pages and websites through the use of hyperlinks, which is fundamental to the World Wide Web.

· Multimedia Support: Modern HTML (HTML5) introduced dedicated tags like <audio>, <video>, and <canvas> that allow developers to embed various media types directly into web pages without the need for external plugins.

· Semantic Elements: HTML5 introduced new semantic tags (e.g., <header>, <footer>, <article>, <section>) that provide clearer structure and meaning to the content, which improves accessibility and aids search engine optimization (SEO).

· Integration with Other Languages: HTML serves as the structural foundation and easily integrates with other technologies like CSS for styling and JavaScript for interactivity, enabling the creation of dynamic and visually appealing websites.

· Client-Side Data Storage: HTML offers APIs such as Local Storage and IndexedDB, enabling web applications to store data locally on the user's device for improved performance and even offline capabilities (Progressive Web Apps).

· Case Insensitive (Mostly): While best practice is to use lowercase for consistency, the language itself is largely case-insensitive for tags and attributes, which can simplify coding and reduce errors.

· Open Standard and Free: HTML is an open standard maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is completely free to use without requiring any licenses or software.

3. Explain the terms tags and attributes with the help of an example.

Answer:

In HTML, tags are keywords in angle brackets (like <a>) that define content structure (e.g., a link), while attributes provide extra details about a tag (like href="url"), appearing in the opening tag as name="value" pairs to modify behavior or appearance, such as specifying the destination of a link. For example, in <a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>, <a> is the tag, href is the attribute name, and "https://example.com" is its value, making the text "Visit Example" a clickable link to that URL.

Tags

· Definition: Simple keywords enclosed in angle brackets (< >) that tell the browser how to structure and display content.

· Function: Mark the beginning and end of an element (e.g., <p> for paragraph, <img> for image).

· Example: <p> (start of paragraph), </p> (end of paragraph).

Attributes

· Definition: Properties that provide additional information about an element or modify its function.

· Function: Appear as name="value" pairs within the opening tag.

· Example: In an image tag <img>, src (source) and alt (alternative text) are common attributes.

Example: Creating a Link

· Code: <a href="https://www.google.com" target="_blank">Search Google</a>.

· Tag: <a> (defines an anchor or link).

· Attributes:

o href="https://www.google.com": Specifies the link's destination (URL).

o target="_blank": Tells the browser to open the link in a new tab.

· Content: "Search Google" (the clickable text).

4. How are comments useful? (in HTML and CSS3)

Answer:

Comments in HTML and CSS3 are essential developer-readable annotations that are ignored by the browser, meaning they do not affect the webpage's appearance or functionality. Their primary utility lies in improving code readability, maintainability, and collaboration for anyone working with the source code.

Usefulness in HTML

HTML comments (syntax: ) help manage the structure and content of a webpage.

· Documentation and Explanation: They allow developers to leave notes, explanations, and context about specific HTML elements or sections, especially for complex or non-obvious code.

· Code Organization: Comments can be used as section headers to logically structure the code, making large documents easier to navigate and understand (e.g.,  or ).

· Debugging and Testing: Developers can temporarily "comment out" sections of code to hide content or disable functionality for troubleshooting purposes, without permanently deleting the code.

· Reminders and Collaboration: They serve as in-line communication tools for teams, including "to-do" lists or notes about pending questions and future improvements.

Usefulness in CSS3

CSS comments (syntax: /* your comment here */) are used within stylesheets to clarify styling rules and their application.

· Explanation of Styles: Comments provide context for specific style choices, such as why a particular color or font was chosen, which helps when revisiting the code later.

· Organization and Sectioning: Similar to HTML, comments can be used to break up stylesheets into logical sections (e.g., /* Header styles */, /* Reset styles */), improving readability in large files.

· Temporarily Disabling Styles: Specific CSS rules or blocks can be commented out during debugging or experimentation to see how their removal affects the page layout.

· Documenting Design Decisions: They can document specific workarounds or browser compatibility notes for non-standard approaches, though modern techniques like feature detection are more common now.

In both HTML and CSS, comments are a vital practice for creating well-documented, maintainable, and collaborative codebases.

5. What are Cascading Style Sheets? Name the different methods available for applying Style rules in an HTML document.

Answer:

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML [1, 2]. CSS defines how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, or in other media, separating the content of a webpage from its visual design [1, 2].

The different methods available for applying style rules in an HTML document are:

· External Style Sheets This method links an external .css file to the HTML document using the <link> element within the <head> section of the HTML. This is the most common method as it allows one CSS file to control the design of an entire website, making updates efficient [1, 2, 3].

· Internal Style Sheets Also known as embedded styles, this method places the CSS rules directly within the <head> section of the HTML document, enclosed within <style> tags [1, 2]. The rules apply only to that specific page.

· Inline Styles This method applies CSS rules directly to a single HTML element using the style attribute. These styles only affect the specific element they are declared on and have the highest precedence, overriding rules from internal and external styles [1, 2].

6. Differentiate between Internal CSS and External CSS.

Answer:

The main difference between Internal CSS and External CSS is their location and scope: Internal CSS is embedded within a single HTML file and affects only that page, while External CSS is in a separate file and can be linked to multiple HTML pages.

Feature	Internal CSS	External CSS
Location	Within a <style> tag in the <head> section of an HTML document.	In a separate file with a .css extension.
Scope	Styles a single HTML page only.	Styles multiple HTML pages, an entire website, or a section of it.
Implementation	No separate file needed; styles are part of the HTML.	Requires an additional HTTP request to link the external file using a <link> tag.
Maintainability	Difficult to maintain across large sites, as each page's styles must be updated individually.	Highly maintainable; changing one file updates the style across all linked pages.
Performance	Can increase HTML file size but reduces HTTP requests for styles.	Allows browsers to cache the CSS file, potentially leading to faster page loads on subsequent visits.
Best For	Single-page websites, rapid prototyping, or when unique styles are needed for one specific page.	Large, multi-page websites where a consistent look and feel is essential.

In most professional web development, the external CSS method is the recommended approach for the separation of concerns (keeping structure and presentation separate) and ease of maintenance.

LAB ACTIVITY

1. Create a web page that serves as an invitation card to your birthday party. Use all the HTML tags along with CSS properties you have learnt to make it attractive and lively.

Answer:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>You're Invited! A Birthday Celebration</title>

<style>

/* CSS Reset and General Styles */

* {

box-sizing: border-box;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

}

body {

font-family: 'Georgia', serif;

background-color: #f0e6f6; /* Light purple background */

color: #333;

line-height: 1.6;

text-align: center;

padding: 20px;

}

/* Main container for the invitation card */

.invitation-container {

max-width: 600px;

margin: 40px auto;

background-color: #ffffff; /* White card background */

border-radius: 15px;

box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);

padding: 30px;

border: 5px solid #ff69b4; /* Pink border */

animation: fadeIn 2s ease-out;

}

/* Keyframes for simple fade-in animation */

@keyframes fadeIn {

from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.9); }

to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }

}

/* Header Styling */

header h1 {

font-size: 3em;

color: #8a2be2; /* Blue violet color */

margin-bottom: 10px;

text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

header p {

font-style: italic;

color: #555;

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

/* Main Content Section */

.content section {

margin-bottom: 25px;

}

.content h2 {

color: #ff69b4; /* Pink color */

border-bottom: 2px solid #f0e6f6;

padding-bottom: 5px;

margin-bottom: 15px;

}

/* Using lists for details */

ul {

list-style-type: none;

padding: 0;

}

ul li {

margin-bottom: 10px;

font-size: 1.1em;

color: #444;

}

ul li strong {

color: #8a2be2;

}

/* Adding an image placeholder (use a real image URL if available) */

.party-image {

width: 100%;

max-width: 300px;

height: auto;

border-radius: 10px;

margin-top: 20px;

border: 3px dashed #ff69b4;

display: block;

margin-left: auto;

margin-right: auto;

}

/* Footer and RSVP Button */

footer {

margin-top: 30px;

font-size: 0.9em;

color: #777;

}

.rsvp-button {

display: inline-block;

background-color: #8a2be2;

color: white;

padding: 12px 25px;

text-decoration: none;

border-radius: 50px;

margin-top: 15px;

font-weight: bold;

transition: background-color 0.3s ease;

box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

.rsvp-button:hover {

background-color: #ff69b4;

transform: translateY(-2px);

}

/* Responsive Design (Basic Media Query) */

@media (max-width: 600px) {

.invitation-container {

margin: 20px;

padding: 20px;

}

header h1 {

font-size: 2.2em;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>You're Invited to My Birthday!</h1>

<p>Come celebrate a new chapter with friends and fun.</p>

</header>

<h2>The Details</h2>

<ul>

<li><strong>Date:</strong> Saturday, February 14th, 2026</li>

<li><strong>Time:</strong> 7:00 PM onwards</li>

<li><strong>Location:</strong> The Party Palace, 123 Celebration Lane, Party Town</li>

</ul>

</section>

<h2>The Theme</h2>

<p>Join us for a <strong>Masquerade Night</strong>! Dress up, wear a mask, and get ready for a memorable evening of music, dancing, and delicious food.</p>

</section>

<h2>Special Notes</h2>

<p><em>Vegetarian and vegan options will be available. Please let us know of any dietary restrictions!</em></p>

</blockquote>

</section>

</main>

<p><small>Hosted by: [Your Name]</small></p>

</footer>

</div>

</body>

</html>

2. Create a web page that serves as a guide for the mathematical formulas using HTML tags along with CSS properties.

Answer:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Mathematical Formulas Guide</title>

<style>

body {

font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;

line-height: 1.6;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

background-color: #f4f4f4;

color: #333;

}

.container {

width: 80%;

margin: 20px auto;

background-color: #fff;

padding: 20px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);

}

header {

text-align: center;

border-bottom: 2px solid #007bff;

padding-bottom: 10px;

}

h1 {

color: #007bff;

}

section {

margin-top: 20px;

}

h2 {

color: #0056b3;

border-left: 4px solid #007bff;

padding-left: 10px;

background-color: #e9ecef;

padding: 5px 10px;

margin-top: 15px;

}

.formula-box {

background-color: #fafafa;

padding: 15px;

border: 1px solid #ddd;

margin-bottom: 15px;

border-radius: 5px;

}

.formula-box p {

font-size: 1.1em;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

}

/* Using HTML entities and semantic tags for representation */

.math {

font-family: serif; /* Serifs often render mathematical symbols better */

font-style: italic;

font-size: 1.2em;

color: #d9534f;

}

.symbol {

font-style: normal; /* ensures symbols like π don't italicize */

}

.exponent {

vertical-align: super;

font-size: 0.8em;

}

.subscript {

vertical-align: sub;

font-size: 0.8em;

}

footer {

text-align: center;

margin-top: 40px;

padding-top: 20px;

border-top: 1px solid #ddd;

font-size: 0.9em;

color: #666;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Guide to Essential Mathematical Formulas</h1>

<p>A simple reference guide using HTML and CSS for basic mathematical notation.</p>

</header>

<main>

<h2>Algebra</h2>

<p><strong>Quadratic Formula:</strong></p>

<var>x</var> =

−<var>b</var> &pm; √(<var>b</var><span class="exponent">2</span> − 4<var>ac</var>) / 2<var>a</var>

</p>

</div>

<p><strong>Pythagorean Theorem:</strong></p>

</p>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Geometry</h2>

<p><strong>Area of a Circle:</strong></p>

</p>

</div>

<p><strong>Circumference of a Circle:</strong></p>

</p>

</div>

</section>

<h2>Calculus</h2>

<p><strong>Basic Derivative:</strong></p>

d/<var>dx</var> (<var>x</var><span class="exponent">n</span>) = <var>n</var><var>x</var><span class="exponent">n</span>−1

</p>

</div>

<p><strong>Integral of 1/x:</strong></p>

∫ (1/<var>x</var>) d<var>x</var> = ln(<var>x</var>) + <var>C</var>

</p>

</div>

</section>

</main>

<p>For more complex mathematical notation, consider using dedicated libraries like [MathJax](https://www.mathjax.org) or [KaTeX](https://katex.org).</p>

</footer>

</div>

</body>

</html>

PART - II List, Tables And Images

Exercise

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. By default, the unordered lists items are marked with ________________.

2. ____________________ attribute of list lets you reverse the order of the item list.

3. A list inside another list is called as a __________________ list.

4. A collection of related elements is called as ______________.

5. __________________ property of table defines the space between the content of

the table and the border

6. The <img> tag is an _________ tag, that means it has no closing tag.

7. ___________ is an attribute of the <img> tag which specifies the location or URL of the image to be displayed.

8. ______ attribute is used to give border to an image.

Answer:

1. By default, the unordered lists items are marked with discs (or solid circles).

2. The reversed attribute of a list lets you reverse the order of the item list.

3. A list inside another list is called as a nested list.

4. A collection of related elements is called as an array (in programming context) or simply a list (in an HTML context).

5. The padding (specifically padding in CSS, or the deprecated cellpadding attribute in HTML) property of a table defines the space between the content of the table and the border.

6. The <img> tag is an empty (or void) tag, which means it has no closing tag.

7. src is an attribute of the <img> tag which specifies the location or URL of the image to be displayed.

8. border attribute is used to give border to an image (note: this HTML attribute is deprecated; CSS should be used instead).

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Which tag is used for List items?

a. <OL> b. <LI> c. <UL> d. <DL>

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ b. <LI>.

Explanation

The <li> tag stands for List Item and is the specific element used to define individual items within a list. While other tags define the type of list being created, the <li> tag is required to actually input the data points or items into those lists.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. <OL>: This tag stands for Ordered List. It is a container used to define the start and end of a numbered or sequential list, but it does not represent the individual items themselves.

· ❌ c. <UL>: This tag stands for Unordered List. It is used to define the start and end of a bulleted list where the order does not matter.

· ❌ d. <DL>: This tag stands for Description List (or Definition List). It is used to group terms (<dt>) and their descriptions (<dd>), but it does not use the standard <li> tag for its content.

2. Which element contains definition?

a. <DL> b. <DD> c. <DT> d. <UL>

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ b. <DD>.

Explanation

The <DD> element (Definition Description or Description Details) is used to contain the actual definition or description of a term in a description list. It is always used within a <DL> container and typically follows a <DT> element.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. <DL>: This stands for Definition List (or Description List). It is the wrapper or container element that holds the entire list structure but does not contain the individual definition text itself.

· ❌ c. <DT>: This stands for Definition Term (or Description Term). It is used to specify the word or phrase that is being defined, not the definition itself.

· ❌ d. <UL>: This stands for Unordered List. It is used to create bulleted lists and does not have a native "definition" component like description lists do.

3. Which of the following can’t be the value of list-style-type?

a. Square b. Circle c. Ellipse d. Disc

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ c. Ellipse.

Explanation

In CSS and HTML, the list-style-type property defines the design of the list item marker (bullet). Valid keywords for unordered lists include:

· Square: Displays a solid square bullet.

· Circle: Displays a hollow circle bullet.

· Disc: The default value, which displays a solid (filled) circle bullet.

Ellipse is not a valid predefined keyword for this property and will not render a specific bullet style.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ Square: This is a valid value used to create square markers for list items.

· ❌ Circle: This is a valid value used to create hollow circle markers.

· ❌ Disc: This is a valid and often default value used to create solid circle markers.

4. Which attribute is only used with <ol>?

a. Value b. type c. compact d. start

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ d. start.

Explanation

The start attribute is exclusive to the <ol> (ordered list) element. It defines the initial numerical value from which the list items should begin counting. Because unordered lists (<ul>) do not use numerical or sequential markers, this attribute has no function for them.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. Value: While related to numbering, the value attribute is used on individual <li> (list item) elements rather than the <ol> tag itself to manually change the sequence at a specific point.

· ❌ b. type: This attribute is not exclusive to <ol>. It is also used with <ul> (to define bullet styles like disc or square), <a> (to specify link MIME types), and <input> (to define the input field type).

· ❌ c. compact: This is a legacy attribute that was used with both <ol> and <ul> (as well as <dir> and <menu>) to suggest a smaller display style. It is now considered obsolete in HTML5.

5. With the help of which tag, is a row defined in HTML?

a. <row> c. <row-table>

b. <tr> d. <tablerow>

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ b. <tr>.

Explanation

The <tr> tag stands for "table row" and is the standard element used to define a single horizontal row within an HTML table. It acts as a container for table cells, which are defined using either <td> (table data) or <th> (table header) tags. Every table row must be placed inside a <table> element or its structural sub-elements like <thead>, <tbody>, or <tfoot>.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. <row>: This is not a standard HTML tag. While "row" is a conceptual term used to describe table structures, there is no such element in the HTML specification.

· ❌ c. <row-table>: This is not a valid HTML element. It does not exist in any version of the HTML standard.

· ❌ d. <tablerow>: While descriptive, this is not the correct tag name. HTML uses the abbreviated version <tr> to keep the markup concise.

6. By using which of the following options, the border of table can be collapsed?

a. border-collapse: collapse

b. table-border: collapse

c. border: collapse

d. table-border-collapse: collapse

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ a. border-collapse: collapse.

Explanation

The border-collapse property in CSS determines whether table cells have shared or separate borders. When set to the value collapse, adjacent table cell borders are merged into a single, shared border, removing the default spacing between them.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ b. table-border: collapse: There is no property named table-border in standard CSS; borders are applied via the border or border-collapse properties.

· ❌ c. border: collapse: The border property is a shorthand for setting border width, style, and color (e.g., border: 1px solid black). It does not accept "collapse" as a valid value.

· ❌ d. table-border-collapse: collapse: This is an incorrect syntax. The standard CSS property is simply border-collapse, not "table-border-collapse".

7. Web browsers display images in the following format

a. XBM c. JPEG

b. GIF d. All of these

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ d. All of these.

Explanation

Web browsers are designed to support a variety of image file formats to ensure graphics and photographs display correctly.

· JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): The most common format for photographs on the web due to its high compression capabilities.

· GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): Widely used for simple graphics and animations; it is supported by virtually all graphical web browsers.

· XBM (X BitMap): An older plain text binary image format originally used by the X Window System for icons. While less common today, it was one of the early formats natively supported by many web browsers (such as Mosaic) and remains supported in various legacy contexts.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. XBM: While browsers do display XBM files, this is not the only format they support.

· ❌ b. GIF: While browsers support GIF files, they also support many other formats like JPEG and XBM.

· ❌ c. JPEG: Although JPEG is a standard for web photos, selecting it exclusively ignores other natively supported formats like GIF and XBM.

8. The correct HTML code for inserting an image is

a. <img href=”image.gif”>

b. <img> image.gif</gif>

c. <img src = “image.gif”>

d. <image src = “image.gif” >

Answer:

The correct HTML code for inserting an image is c. <img src = “image.gif”>.

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path to the image file, making it a mandatory part of the tag [1].

Here is a breakdown of the options:

· a. <img href=”image.gif”>: The href attribute is typically used for links (<a> tags), not images.

· b. <img> image.gif</gif>: This is not valid HTML syntax.

· c. <img src = “image.gif”>: This uses the correct <img> tag and src attribute to specify the image source.

· d. <image src = “image.gif” >: The correct tag name is <img>, not <image>.

For additional information and examples of using images in HTML, refer to the W3Schools HTML Images Tutorial.

9. src attribute used with <img> tag stands for

a. screen c. screen resolution count

b. source d. structure

Answer: b. source

The src attribute used with the <img> tag stands for source, as it specifies the path or URL to the image file you want to display on a webpage.

· b. source: This is the correct answer, as src points to the location (source) of the image file (e.g., image.jpg or https://example.com/image.png).

10. alt attribute allows

a. addition of an alternate hyperlink

b. addition of a border to image

c. use of an alternative image in place of the specified image

d. addition of alternative text about an image

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ d. addition of alternative text about an image.

The alt (alternative) attribute in HTML is used within the <img> tag to provide a textual description of an image. This text is essential for:

· Accessibility: It allows screen readers to describe the image to visually impaired users.

· Image Loading Issues: If an image cannot be loaded due to a slow connection, a broken file path, or user settings, the browser displays this alternative text instead of the image.

· SEO: Search engines use alt text to understand the content of images, which helps in better ranking and indexing.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ a. addition of an alternate hyperlink: This is handled by the href attribute within an anchor (<a>) tag, not the alt attribute.

· ❌ b. addition of a border to image: Borders are traditionally managed using the border attribute (now largely obsolete) or more modernly through CSS properties like border-style.

· ❌ c. use of an alternative image in place of the specified image: Switching between different images (such as for different screen sizes) is handled by the <picture> element or the srcset attribute, not the alt attribute.

III. APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:

a. Ruchika was making an ordered list and she noticed that the items of the list by default started with numbers. She wants to use Roman numerals for numbering. How can she do this?

Answer:

Ruchika can use the type attribute within the <ol> (ordered list) tag in HTML, setting its value to "I" for uppercase Roman numerals or "i" for lowercase Roman numerals to change her list's numbering style from default numbers. For example, <ol type="i"> creates a list with i, ii, iii....

How to Implement Roman Numerals:

1. For Uppercase Roman Numerals (I, II, III):

html

<li>First Item</li>

<li>Second Item</li>

<li>Third Item</li>

</ol>

This code will display:
I. First Item
II. Second Item
III. Third Item

2. For Lowercase Roman Numerals (i, ii, iii):

html

<li>First Item</li>

<li>Second Item</li>

<li>Third Item</li>

</ol>

This code will display:
i. First Item
ii. Second Item
iii. Third Item

By changing the type attribute, she can easily switch between different numbering styles for her ordered lists in HTML.

b. Rohan has created a table and he wants that the table border should be collapsed into a single border. Which property should he use?

Answer:

To collapse table borders into a single line, Rohan should use the CSS property border-collapse with the value collapse, applied to the <table> element, like this: table { border-collapse: collapse; }. This merges adjacent cell borders into one, creating a cleaner look instead of separate borders for each cell.

How to use it:

· Target the table: In your CSS file or <style> block, select the <table> element.

· Apply the property: Set border-collapse to collapse.

css

table {

border-collapse: collapse; /* This makes borders single */

border: 1px solid black; /* Optional: adds a border to the table itself */

}

td, th {

border: 1px solid black; /* Optional: adds borders to cells */

padding: 8px;

}

This will ensure that instead of seeing double lines between cells, you'll see a single, unified border.

c. Ashmita has added few images on her web page but she wants to keep some provisions for the visually impaired people or users using text-based browsers so that they get the description for the images. Which attribute should she use to accomplish the task?

Answer:

To provide descriptions for visually impaired users and text-based browsers, Ashmita should use the alt attribute (alternative text) within the <img> tag in HTML, which offers descriptive text read by screen readers or shown if the image fails to load, ensuring accessibility and understanding.

How to use it:

html

Why it works:

· Screen Readers: Assistive technologies for the visually impaired read the alt text aloud.

· Text-Based Browsers: Users on these browsers see the description instead of a broken image icon.

· Image Loading Errors: If the image file doesn't load, the alt text is displayed as a fallback.

· SEO: Search engines also use alt text to understand image content.

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

a. Differentiate between the <OL> and <UL> tag.

Answer:

<ul> (Unordered List) creates bulleted lists where order doesn't matter (e.g., shopping items), while <ol> (Ordered List) creates numbered/lettered lists where sequence is important (e.g., steps in a recipe). The main difference is purpose: <ol> for sequences, <ul> for collections, though both use <li> for items and can have their default styling changed with CSS.

<ul> (Unordered List)

· Purpose: Lists where the order of items is irrelevant.

· Default Appearance: Bullet points (discs, circles).

· Example Use: Ingredients, features, or simple lists of things.

html

<ul>

<li>Apples</li>

<li>Bananas</li>

<li>Oranges</li>

</ul>

<ol> (Ordered List)

· Purpose: Lists where the sequence or order of items is meaningful.

· Default Appearance: Numbers (1, 2, 3) or letters (A, B, C).

· Example Use: Step-by-step instructions, rankings, or processes.

html

<ol>

<li>Preheat oven</li>

<li>Mix ingredients</li>

<li>Bake for 30 minutes</li>

</ol>

Key Differentiator

· Ask yourself: "Does changing the order of these items change the meaning?" If yes, use <ol>. If no, use <ul>

b. Write the syntax for using list-style-type property.

Answer:

The syntax for the CSS list-style-type property is straightforward, using the property name followed by a value that specifies the desired marker style.

Syntax

css

list-style-type: value;

Usage

The list-style-type property is typically used within a CSS ruleset targeting list elements such as <ul> (unordered lists), <ol> (ordered lists), or individual <li> (list item) elements. It is also inherited by list items if set on their parent element.

css

ul {

  list-style-type: square; /* Example for an unordered list */

ol {

  list-style-type: upper-roman; /* Example for an ordered list */

Common Property Values

The value can be one of several keywords, including:

· disc: The default for <ul> elements; a filled circle marker (●).

· circle: A hollow circle marker (○).

· square: A filled square marker (■).

· decimal: The default for <ol> elements; decimal numbers starting with 1 (1., 2., 3., etc.).

· none: No marker is displayed.

· lower-alpha (or lower-latin): Lowercase letters (a., b., c., etc.).

· upper-alpha (or upper-latin): Uppercase letters (A., B., C., etc.).

· lower-roman: Lowercase Roman numerals (i., ii., iii., etc.).

· upper-roman: Uppercase Roman numerals (I., II., III., etc.).

More values are available, including various international and complex counter styles; for a comprehensive list, refer to the MDN Web Docs.

Shorthand Property

The list-style-type property can also be set using the shorthand list-style property, which allows you to specify the type, position, and image properties in a single declaration:

css

/* Shorthand syntax */

list-style: square inside;

c. Define Padding property.

Answer:

The padding property in CSS creates space inside an element's border, between the content and the border itself, unlike margin which adds space outside. It's a shorthand for padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, and padding-left, controlling the gaps on all four sides, and the background color of the element extends into the padding area.

Key Characteristics

· Location: Inside the border, around the content.

· Effect: Increases the element's total size (unless box-sizing: border-box; is used).

· Background: The set background color or image of the element shows through the padding area.

Usage Examples (Shorthand)

· padding: 20px; W3Schools – Adds 20px padding on all four sides (top, right, bottom, left).

· padding: 10px 20px; – 10px top/bottom, 20px left/right.

· padding: 10px 20px 30px; – 10px top, 20px left/right, 30px bottom.

· padding: 10px 20px 30px 40px; – 10px top, 20px right, 30px bottom, 40px left (clockwise).

Individual Side Properties

· padding-top

· padding-right

· padding-bottom

· padding-left

d. What is description list? Define the different tags used to create a description.

Answer:

A description list in HTML uses the dl, dt, and dd tags to present name-value pairs, like terms and definitions, by wrapping the list in <dl>, defining terms with <dt>, and providing descriptions with <dd>, typically indented in browsers.

Tags used in Description Lists

· <dl> (Description List): The container element that wraps the entire description list, defining it as a list of terms and their descriptions

· <dt> (Description Term): Defines the term, word, or name that is being described within the list (e.g., "Coffee").

· <dd> (Description Definition): Provides the description or definition for the preceding <dt> term (e.g., "Black hot drink").

Example Structure

html

<dl>

  <dt>Term 1</dt>

  <dd>Definition for Term 1</dd>

  <dt>Term 2</dt>

  <dd>Definition for Term 2</dd>

</dl>

Key Characteristics

· Purpose: Ideal for displaying dictionaries, glossaries, or Q&A pairs.

· Indentation: Browsers usually display the <dd> content indented below the <dt>.

· Flexibility: Can have multiple <dd> elements for a single <dt> or multiple <dt> elements for a single <dd>.

e. What is the use of type attribute with an unordered list?

Answer:

The type attribute in an unordered list (<ul>) was used to specify the bullet style (like disc, circle, square), but it is now deprecated in HTML5, with developers encouraged to use CSS's list-style-type property for styling instead, as it offers more control and better separation of concerns (styling vs. structure). The type attribute's values changed bullet shapes, but modern practice uses CSS for this customization.

How it worked (Deprecated HTML):
You could set the type attribute on the <ul> tag:

· disc (default): A filled circle (•).

· circle: A hollow circle (○).

· square: A filled square (▪).

html

</ul>

Modern HTML5 Approach (Using CSS):
For current web development, use CSS for styling:

html

<style>

.my-list {

list-style-type: square; /* Or 'disc', 'circle', 'none', etc. */

}

</style>

</ul>

Key Takeaway: While you might see the type attribute in older code, always use the list-style-type CSS property in HTML5 and later for consistent, maintainable, and powerful styling of list markers.

f. State the use of any two properties that you use to enhance the appearance of a table.

Answer:

Two properties to enhance table appearance are Background Color (for highlighting rows/cells and improving readability) and Borders/Border-spacing (to define structure, separate cells, and add visual separation/depth). Using background colors (like alternating row shades) creates visual rhythm, while border properties control lines between cells for clarity, making complex data easier to scan and understand.

Here's a closer look at their uses:

1. Background Color (Shading):

· Use: Applying different background colors to header rows (e.g., dark with white text) or alternating data rows (zebra striping) helps users quickly distinguish sections and follow data across the table.

· Enhancement: Makes tables less monotonous, draws attention to key information (like totals or headers), and significantly improves scannability, especially for large datasets.

Border Properties (e.g., border-spacing, border-collapse, border-style):

· Use: Controls the lines (borders) between cells and around the table. border-spacing adds gaps between cells, while border-collapse merges them into single lines.

· Enhancement: Defines the table's structure, preventing data from running together; can create clean, modern looks (minimal borders) or traditional ones (clear cell dividers).

g. How are images added in an HTML document?

Answer:

Images are added to HTML using the self-closing <img> tag, primarily with the required src attribute to point to the image file's location (URL) and the alt attribute for descriptive alternative text, ensuring accessibility and display if the image fails to load. Other optional attributes like width, height, and title can control size and provide tooltips, as seen in this example: <img src="photo.jpg" alt="A beautiful landscape" width="300" title="View of Mountains">.

Key Components:

· <img> Tag:

An empty, self-closing tag that embeds an image

· src Attribute (Required): Specifies the path or URL to the image file (e.g., image.png, https://example.com/image.jpg).

· alt Attribute (Required): Provides alternative text for screen readers and when the image can't load, improving accessibility and SEO.

Optional Attributes:

· width & height: Set the dimensions of the image in pixels.

· title: Displays a tooltip when the user hovers over the image.

Example Usage:

html

This code links to my-image.png, shows "Description of my image" if it fails, and sets its size to 200 pixels wide by 150 pixels high.

V. ACTIVITY

1. Create a web page to show a list of various colours and their Hex codes (Hexadecimal numerals are widely used by computer system designers and programmers because they provide a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values). Also provide image for the colors you mention in your code.

Answer:

Here's an HTML/CSS example for a color list with hex codes and color swatches, featuring basic HTML structure, inline CSS for styling (using <div> elements for each color block), and placeholder image URLs you'd replace with actual image links for each color to make them visual. The code demonstrates how to apply colors directly and explains hex code structure (RRGGBB) for web developers, showing primary, secondary, and common shades.

html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Hex Color Codes & Swatches</title>

<style>

body { font-family: sans-serif; margin: 20px; background-color: #f4f4f4; }

h1 { color: #333; }

.color-container { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 20px; }

.color-box {

border: 1px solid #ccc;

border-radius: 8px;

padding: 15px;

width: 220px;

background-color: #fff;

box-shadow: 2px 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);

text-align: center;

}

.swatch {

width: 100%;

height: 80px;

border-radius: 5px;

margin-bottom: 10px;

border: 1px solid #eee;

/* Placeholder for actual image */

background-color: #ddd;

}

.color-name { font-weight: bold; color: #555; }

.hex-code { font-family: monospace; color: #007bff; }

</style

</head>

<body>

<h1>Common Hex Color Codes & Swatches</h1>

<p>Hex codes (e.g., #RRGGBB) define colors using Red, Green, and Blue values (00-FF), widely used in web design [3, 7].</p>

</div>

<div class="color-name">Green</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="color-name">Yellow</div>

</div>

<nav>

<div class="color-name">Orange</div>

</nav>

</div>

2. Create a web page to form a tabular representation of different mobile names with their features.

Answer:

To create a webpage with a mobile phone comparison table, use HTML for structure with <table>, <tr>, <th>, and <td> tags, and add CSS (within <style> tags or a separate file) for styling like borders, colors, and spacing, defining headers (Phone Name, OS, Camera, Price) and rows for each phone's specs to present data clearly.

1. HTML Structure (index.html)

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Mobile Phone Comparison</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css"> 

</head>

<body>

<h1>Mobile Phone Comparison</h1>

<table class="phone-table">

<caption>Compare Popular Smartphones</caption>

<thead>

<tr>

<th>Phone Name</th>

<th>Operating System</th>

<th>Display</th>

<th>Camera (Main)</th>

<th>Processor</th>

<th>Battery (mAh)</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

<td><<!nav>>Samsung Galaxy S24<<!/nav>></td>

<td>Android 14</td>

<td>6.2" Dynamic AMOLED 2X</td>

<td>50MP Wide</td>

<td>Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 / Exynos 2400</td>

<td>4000 mAh</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td><<!nav>>iPhone 15 Pro<<!/nav>></td>

<td>iOS 17</td>

<td>6.1" Super Retina XDR</td>

<td>48MP Main</td>

<td>A17 Pro Chip</td>

<td>~3274 mAh</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td><<!nav>>Google Pixel 8<<!/nav>></td>

<td>Android 14</td>

<td>6.2" OLED</td>

<td>50MP Wide</td>

<td>Google Tensor G3</td>

<td>4575 mAh</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td><<!nav>>OnePlus 12<<!/nav>></td>

<td>Android 14</td>

<td>6.82" LTPO AMOLED</td>

<td>50MP Main (Sony LYT-808)</td>

<td>Snapdragon 8 Gen 3</td>

<td>5400 mAh</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</body>

</html>

2. CSS Styling (styles.css)

body {

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

background-color: #f4f4f9;

padding: 20px;

color: #333;

}

h1 {

text-align: center;

color: #0056b3;

}

.phone-table {

width: 90%;

margin: 20px auto;

border-collapse: collapse; /* Removes space between borders */

background-color: white;

box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

.phone-table caption {

font-size: 1.2em;

font-weight: bold;

margin-bottom: 10px;

color: #007bff;

}

.phone-table th, .phone-table td {

border: 1px solid #ddd;

padding: 12px 15px;

text-align: left;

}

.phone-table thead th {

background-color: #007bff;

color: white;

font-weight: bold;

}

.phone-table tbody tr:nth-child(even) {

background-color: #f9f9f9; /* Zebra striping for rows */

}

.phone-table tbody tr:hover {

background-color: #e9e9e9; /* Highlight row on hover */

}

/* Specific styling for key features */

.phone-table td:nth-child(1) { /* Phone Name */

font-weight: 600;

color: #0056b3;

}

PART - III Link, Frames And Forms

Exercise

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. The web pages of a website are linked to each other using _________.

2. The attribute _________ is used to create a hyperlink between two or more HTML codes.

3. When you move the mouse pointer over a link, the mouse pointer changes its shape from an arrow to a _________.

4. The _________ attribute of the <audio> tag indicates that you can replay the audio file once it is finished.

5. The small rectangular areas created in the main browser window are known as ________

6. The _________ attribute of the frame tag tells the browser which HTML page to load into that frame.

7. ________attribute of the frame tag attaches the default URL.

8. ____________ allow multiple HTML documents to be presented as independent windows within one browser window.

9. The _________ tag collects the information from the user.

Answer:

Here are the completed sentences:

1. The web pages of a website are linked to each other using hyperlinks (or links).

2. The attribute href is used to create a hyperlink between two or more HTML codes.

3. When you move the mouse pointer over a link, the mouse pointer changes its shape from an arrow to a hand (or pointing hand).

4. The loop attribute of the <audio> tag indicates that you can replay the audio file once it is finished.

5. The small rectangular areas created in the main browser window are known as frames.

6. The src attribute of the frame tag tells the browser which HTML page to load into that frame.

7. longdesc (long description) attribute of the frame tag attaches the default URL.

8. Framesets (or Frames) allow multiple HTML documents to be presented as independent windows within one browser window.

9. The <form> tag collects the information from the user.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A __________ is a word, a group of words, or an image that can be used to jump to another document on the same website or another website.

i. Hyperlink ii. URL iii. Address iv. none of these

Answer:

The correct answer is ✅ i. Hyperlink.

Explanation

A hyperlink (often simply called a link) is a digital element such as a word, a group of words, or an image that acts as a clickable reference. When a user clicks or taps it, the browser or application "jumps" to a new location, which can be another document on the same website, a completely different website, or even a specific section within the current document.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ ii. URL: A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the unique web address of a specific resource or page on the internet. While a hyperlink often contains or points to a URL, the URL itself is the address, not the clickable word or image used to initiate the jump.

· ❌ iii. Address: In the context of the web, Address is typically a synonymous term for a URL or web address. In a general sense, it refers to a location (like a physical street address) where something can be found or reached. It is not the clickable interface element that facilitates navigation.

2. The _________ attribute of the <a> tag is used to set the URL of the target resource.

i. src ii. href iii. Controls iv. none of these

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ ii. href.

Explanation

The href attribute (short for "hypertext reference") is used within the anchor tag <a> to specify the destination URL or address of the resource that the link points to. When a user clicks on the content between the opening <a> and closing </a> tags, the browser navigates to the URL defined in this attribute.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ src: This attribute stands for "source" and is used to embed external content like images (<img>), videos (<video>), or scripts (<script>) into a document, rather than creating a clickable link to a new resource.

· ❌ Controls: This is a boolean attribute used specifically with media tags like <audio> and <video> to display playback controls such as play, pause, and volume.

· ❌ none of these: This option is incorrect because href is the standard and correct attribute for this purpose.

3. Which of the following can be embedded in a web page?

i. Audio ii. Video iii. Both (i) and (ii) iv. None of these

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ iii. Both (i) and (ii).

Explanation

Both audio and video files can be embedded directly into a web page using HTML5.

· Audio: The <audio> tag is used to embed sound files like MP3, WAV, or OGG.

· Video: The <video> tag allows for the embedding of movie clips or video streams in formats such as MP4, WebM, or OGG.
Modern web browsers support these elements natively, allowing multimedia content to play without the need for external plugins like Flash.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ i. Audio: While audio can be embedded, this option is incomplete because video can also be embedded.

· ❌ ii. Video: Similarly, this option is incomplete as it ignores the ability to embed audio.

· ❌ iv. None of these: This is incorrect because both audio and video are standard elements that can be embedded into web pages using current HTML specifications.

4. The ____________ attribute of the <video> tag plays the video file automatically on loading a web page.

i. controls ii. Autoplay iii. Height iv. none of these

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ ii. Autoplay.

The autoplay attribute is a Boolean attribute used in the HTML <video> (and <audio>) tag to signal the browser that the media file should begin playing immediately as soon as it has loaded sufficiently, without requiring any user interaction.

Explanation

· Purpose: It is designed to enhance user experience for background videos or media-heavy pages where immediate playback is desired.

· Usage Requirement: In modern browsers (like Chrome and Safari), the autoplay attribute often requires the muted attribute to be present; otherwise, the browser may block the automatic playback to prevent intrusive audio for the user.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ i. controls: This attribute is used to display the standard playback interface, including the play/pause button, volume slider, and seek bar.

· ❌ iii. Height: This attribute defines the vertical dimension of the video player area on the webpage in pixels.

· ❌ iv. none of these: This is incorrect because autoplay is the specific and correct attribute for this function.

5. ________ tag is used to create textbox, radio button and checkbox on the web page.

i. <OPTION> ii. <INPUT> iii. Both of these iv. None of these

Answer:

The correct option is ✅ ii. <INPUT>.

Explanation

The <INPUT> tag is a versatile HTML element used to create various interactive form controls on a webpage. By setting its type attribute, developers can specify the specific control they want to display:

· Textbox: Created using <input type="text">.

· Radio Button: Created using <input type="radio">.

· Checkbox: Created using <input type="checkbox">.

Why other options are incorrect

· ❌ <OPTION>: This tag is used inside <SELECT> or <DATALIST> elements to define individual items in a dropdown list or menu, not for creating general textboxes or radio buttons.

· ❌ Both of these: Since <OPTION> cannot create the mentioned controls, this option is false.

· ❌ None of these: Since <INPUT> is the correct tag for all three controls, this option is false.

III. APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Rohan wants to divide a web page into four sections. Which tag should he use to accomplish this?

Answer:

To divide a webpage into four sections, Rohan should primarily use the <div> tag as a generic container for grouping elements, often combined with CSS for layout, or use semantic HTML5 tags like <section> for more meaningful structure, though <div> is the most versatile for arbitrary divisions.

Here's how he can do it:

1. Using <div> Tags (Most Common):

· This is a generic block-level container for grouping content and applying styles.

· Example:

html

<div class="section-one">Section 1 Content</div>

<div class="section-two">Section 2 Content</div>

<div class="section-three">Section 3 Content</div>

<div class="section-four">Section 4 Content</div>

· He would then use CSS (e.g.,

display: flex

or CSS Grid) to position these

div

s into four distinct areas

Using HTML5 <section> Tags (Semantic):

· For semantically meaningful sections (like a chapter, a tab, or a thematic grouping), <section> is better.

· Example:

html

<section>Section 1</section>

<section>Section 2</section>

<section>Section 3</section>

<section>Section 4</section>

Using <iframe> (For Separate Documents):

· If each section needs to be a completely separate webpage or document loaded within the current page, <iframe> tags can create frames, though this is less common for general layout today.

For simple division and styling, <div> is the go-to, while <section> offers better structure for modern web development.

2. Rahim is creating a website in which he wants to use different images as links to the web pages. He is also interested in adding some video clips in his website. Can you suggest him the required tags to include the said elements in his website.

Answer:

To make images clickable links and embed videos, Rahim needs to nest the <img> tag inside the <a> (anchor) tag for image links, and use the <video> tag with <source> and the controls attribute for videos, specifying file paths with href and src attributes, respectively, in HTML.

1. Image as a Link (Image Hyperlink)

· Tags Used: <a> (anchor) and <img> (image).

· How it Works: Wrap the <img> tag within the <a> tag. The href attribute of the <a> tag points to the destination webpage, and the src attribute of the <img> tag points to the image file.

· Example:

html

</a>

o href="destination-page.html": The URL of the page the image links to.

o src="image-link.jpg": The path to your image file.

o alt="Link to Another Page": Text description for accessibility.

2. Adding Video Clips (Embedded Video)

· Tags Used: <video> and <source>.

· How it Works: The <video> tag is the container, and the <source> tag specifies the video file (with different formats for browser compatibility). The controls attribute adds play/pause/volume buttons.

· Example:

html

Your browser does not support the video tag.

</video>

o width/height: Sets video dimensions.

o controls: Adds player controls.

o src="my-video.mp4": Path to your video file.

o type="video/mp4": Specifies the video's MIME type.

Key Attributes:

· <a> tag: href (URL).

· <img> tag: src (image source), alt (alternative text).

· <video> tag: controls, width, height.

· <source> tag: src (video source), type (MIME type).

3. Ritika was writing an article using HTML. The article contains some external links to other website contains additional information. How can she link these together so that the user can visit the destination of the external links by clicking on them?

Answer:

Ritika can link to external websites in her HTML article using the anchor (<a>) tag. This tag transforms the text it encloses into a clickable link.

The basic syntax is as follows:

html

Here is a breakdown of the key components:

· <a>: This is the anchor tag itself, indicating the start of the link.

· href attribute: This attribute specifies the destination URL (the address of the external website).

· URL_of_the_external_site: The full web address, including https://.

· Link Text: This is the visible text in the article that the user will click on.

Example in Practice

If Ritika wanted to link to the Wikipedia homepage, the code in her HTML document would look like this:

html

<p>For more information on HTML, please visit the official page on

<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a>.</p>

Best Practice for External Links

It is a common practice to make external links open in a new browser tab so that users do not navigate away from Ritika's article. This is achieved by adding the target="_blank" attribute to the anchor tag:

html

<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>

4. Priyanka wants to create a form but she has forgotten the tag used to create the form. Can you help her with the solution?

Answer:

Priyanka needs the form> tag in HTML to create a form for user input, which acts as a container for elements like text fields, buttons, and checkboxes. You simply open with <form> and close with </form>, adding attributes like action (where to send data) and method (GET/POST) inside the opening tag, like this: <form action="/submit-page" method="POST"> ... </form>.

How to Use the <form> Tag:

1. Start the form: Use <form> to begin your form structure.

2. Add attributes: Inside the opening <form> tag, specify where to send data with action="..." and the submission method with method="..." (e.g., GET or POST).

3. Add form elements: Place input fields, text areas, radio buttons, checkboxes, and submit buttons between the <form> and </form> tags.

4. End the form: Use </form> to close the form.

Example:

html

<form action="/submit-data.php" method="post">

  <label for="name">Name:</label>

  <input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br>

  <label for="email">Email:</label>

  <input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>

  <input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Why do you include hyperlinks in your web page? Give any two reasons.

Answer:

Hyperlinks are included on web pages primarily for navigation, allowing users to easily move between related content, and to provide context/depth, offering more detailed information or sources without cluttering the main page, thereby improving user experience and organizing information effectively.

Two Key Reasons for Hyperlinks:

1. Enhanced Navigation & User Experience: Hyperlinks create pathways, letting users click from one page to another (within the same site or externally) or to different sections of the same page, making it easy to explore topics, find information, and find what they need quickly without complex searching.

2. Context, Organization & Credibility: They allow creators to link to definitions, related articles, or sources, offering extra detail without overwhelming the reader, making pages cleaner and more organized. For search engines, relevant internal and external links signal a rich, credible, and interconnected site, potentially boosting SEO.

2. Distinguish between the internal and external linking.

Answer:

Internal linking connects pages within the same website or domain (e.g., from your blog to your contact page), improving site navigation and SEO by distributing authority, while external linking connects to other, separate websites (e.g., linking a statistic to a research paper) to add credibility, provide more info, and build trust with users and search engines. The key difference is destination: same site vs. different site.

Internal Linking

· Definition: A hyperlink that points from one page on your website to another page on the same website.

· Purpose: Helps users find related content, keeps them on your site longer, improves site structure, and helps search engines crawl and understand your site.

· Examples: Linking from a blog post to a product page, or from your homepage to a specific service page.

External Linking

· Definition: A hyperlink that points from your website to a page on a different website or domain.

· Purpose: Adds credibility, backs up claims with authoritative sources (like studies or statistics), offers additional resources, and builds trust by showing you're connected to the wider web.

· Examples: Linking a statistic in your article to the original research study, or linking to a reputable news source.

Key Differences

· Destination: Internal links stay within your domain; external links go to other domains.

· Control: You fully control internal links; you can't control external sites, but you choose reputable ones.

· User Flow: Internal links keep users on your site; external links send them away (often opening in a new tab).

· SEO Role: Internal links boost site navigation & authority flow; external links build your site's trustworthiness and context.

3. What are frames? How are they useful?

Answer:

Frames are structured containers that divide a window or document into independent sections, useful for organizing content, creating consistent layouts (like fixed menus with scrolling content), and managing data in web design, networking, and computer science by isolating elements for independent loading or processing, enhancing modularity and user experience, though they're largely superseded by modern CSS and iframes in web development.

In Web Design (HTML Frames)

· What they are: A technique to split a browser window into multiple, independent panes, each loading a different HTML document, using <frameset> and <frame> tags (now mostly obsolete).

· How they're useful:

o Simultaneous Display: Show multiple documents (e.g., a menu and content) at once.

o Consistent Layout: Keep navigation bars or headers static while content changes.

o Efficiency: Only reload the changing frame, reducing bandwidth.

· Modern Alternatives: Replaced by <iframe> (inline frames) and CSS for better SEO, accessibility, and flexibility.

In Computer Science & Networking (Data Frames)

· What they are: Standardized units of data, often called packets, with headers and trailers, used for transmission.

· How they're useful:

o Organization: Break data into manageable chunks.

o Reliability: Headers help with error detection, correction, and synchronization.

o Modularity: Allow complex systems to be built from reusable components.

In Animation

· What they are: Individual images or drawings in a sequence.

· How they're useful: Played in quick succession to create the illusion of motion.

4. What are two types of text input in HTML web forms?

Answer:

The two types of text input in HTML web forms are single-line and multi-line [1, 2].

1. Single-line Text Input

Single-line text inputs are created using the <input type="text"> element and are used for capturing short, single-line text information like names, email addresses, search queries, or telephone numbers [1, 2, 3].

· Example: <input type="text" id="username" name="username">

· This input renders a small, rectangular box that users can type into [1]. If the user types a string longer than the box can hold, the text will scroll horizontally within the box [1].

2. Multi-line Text Input

Multi-line text inputs are created using the <textarea> element and are used for capturing longer-form content such as comments, feedback, or detailed descriptions [1, 2, 3].

· Example: <textarea id="feedback" name="feedback" rows="4" cols="50"></textarea>

· This input renders as a larger text area that typically spans multiple lines [1]. Unlike single-line inputs, it often includes a "grab handle" that allows users to resize the input box horizontally and vertically, depending on the browser [1].

5. Which input control is most useful for questions requiring a simple yes or no answer?

Answer:

For simple Yes/No questions, use radio buttons if you need to force a choice (ensuring the user picks one), or a single checkbox if you prefer a concise, opt-in/opt-out style (often left unchecked by default). For clear, required binary choices, dedicated Yes/No components or radio buttons are often better than a single checkbox because they prevent users from missing the answer, notes SAP's Help Portal, User Experience Stack Exchange, and LogRocket Blog.

When to Use Radio Buttons

· Forced Choice: When the user must select "Yes" or "No" (e.g., "Do you agree to the terms?").

· Clarity: Presents "Yes" and "No" as explicit, mutually exclusive options.

When to Use a Checkbox

· Opt-In: Best for optional confirmations (e.g., "Sign me up for the newsletter") where the default is "No" (unchecked).

· Conciseness: Visually simpler for basic agreements or confirmations.

Modern Alternatives

· Toggle Switch: A visual alternative to radio buttons or checkboxes, clearly showing an on/off (Yes/No) state, often preferred for its modern feel and accessibility, according to Medium.

In summary: For critical, required Yes/No answers, radio buttons or specialized Yes/No components are generally superior for ensuring a response; use a checkbox for optional settings.

6. What is the use of password control in HTML forms?

Answer:

The password control in HTML forms (<input type="password">) is used to securely collect sensitive information, such as login passwords [1, 2].

Its primary uses and functions are:

· Obfuscation: When a user types into a password field, the characters entered are masked or hidden from view, typically appearing as asterisks (*) or dots (•) [1, 2]. This is crucial for security as it prevents people nearby from seeing the sensitive credentials being entered [2].

· Security for Transmission: While the characters are hidden in the browser, the data is still transmitted to the web server (ideally over a secure HTTPS connection) in plain text unless further encrypted by other security protocols [2]. The obfuscation is purely a user interface feature.

· Form Submission: The input field acts like any other text input, allowing the user's input to be sent with the rest of the form data when the form is submitted (e.g., when a user clicks a "Log In" or "Submit" button) [1, 2].

In summary, the password control is essential for user privacy and basic security by obscuring the input on the screen, making it a standard component of any authentication form [1, 2].

7. What is the use of <INPUT> tag?

Answer:

The <input> tag in HTML creates interactive fields within forms, allowing users to enter data like text, passwords, numbers, emails, or select options via checkboxes, radio buttons, and dropdowns; it's fundamental for collecting user information for websites, controlled by the type attribute (e.g., type="text", type="radio", type="submit") to define the input's behavior and appearance.

Key Uses of <input> Tag

· Data Collection: Gathers user details (names, emails, comments) for forms, surveys, and sign-ups.

· Interactive Controls: Creates various elements like text boxes, password fields, file uploads, date pickers, and more.

· Form Submission: Includes submit buttons (<input type="submit">) to send collected data to a server.

· User Experience: Offers different types for specific data validation (like type="email" or type="number") and includes features like placeholders and required fields.

Common type Attributes

· text: A single-line text field (default).

· password: Hides characters for privacy.

· email: Ensures a valid email format.

· number: Accepts numerical input.

· checkbox: Allows multiple selections.

· radio: Allows only one selection from a group.

· submit: A button to submit the form.

· file: Lets users upload files.

· date, time, color, range: For specific data types.

Example

html

<form>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<label for="subscribe">Subscribe to newsletter</label><br><br>

</form>

8. What are the uses of Submit and Reset buttons?

Answer:

Submit buttons send form data to a server for processing (like logging in or sending a message), while Reset buttons clear all user input in a form, returning fields to their default (usually empty) state, allowing the user to start over easily. They are fundamental HTML form controls, with Submit acting as the "send" action and Reset as the "clear" or "start fresh" option for users.

Submit Button (type="submit")

· Purpose: To send the data entered into a form to a specified URL (Action attribute) on a server for handling.

· Action: Triggers the form's submission process, often leading to a new page, data processing, or database entry.

· Example: Clicking "Login" on a login form, "Send" on a contact form, or "Place Order" on a shopping cart.

Reset Button (type="reset")

· Purpose: To erase all data the user has typed into the form fields.

· Action: Sets all form inputs (text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, etc.) back to their initial default values (e.g., empty).

· Example: Clearing a long registration form to fill it out again quickly, or correcting accidental entries.

V. LAB ACTIVITY

1. Create a web page where a person has top choose a day of the month from a drop – down list. The page should also allow the person to enter two lines on what the person plans to do on.

Answer:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Daily Planner</title>

<style>

body {

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

margin: 20px;

padding: 20px;

max-width: 500px;

background-color: #f4f4f4;

}

.form-container {

background: white;

padding: 20px;

border-radius: 8px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);

}

label {

display: block;

margin-bottom: 5px;

font-weight: bold;

}

select, textarea, button {

width: 100%;

padding: 10px;

margin-bottom: 15px;

border: 1px solid #ccc;

border-radius: 4px;

box-sizing: border-box; /* Ensures padding doesn't affect width */

}

textarea {

height: 100px;

resize: vertical;

}

button {

background-color: #4CAF50;

color: white;

border: none;

cursor: pointer;

font-size: 16px;

}

button:hover {

background-color: #45a049;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Daily Planner</h2>

<label for="day">Choose a day of the month:</label>

<option value="">--Select Day--</option>

for (let i = 1; i <= 31; i++) {

document.write(`<option value="${i}">${i}</option>`);

}

</script>

</select>

<button type="submit">Save Plans</button>

</form>

</div>

document.getElementById('plannerForm').addEventListener('submit', function(event) {

event.preventDefault(); // Prevent the default form submission

const day = document.getElementById('day').value;

const plans = document.getElementById('plans').value;

alert(`Plans for Day ${day} saved:\n\n${plans}`);

// Here you could add logic to send data to a server

});

</script>

</body>

</html>

2. Create an HTML document on the topic HTML list and HTML Tables. The web page should contain two frames where in one frame with HTML List and in other HTML Tables.

Answer:

While the traditional <frameset> and <frame> elements are obsolete in HTML5, the effect of displaying multiple independent HTML documents can be achieved using <iframe> elements combined with CSS for layout.

The following example uses three separate HTML files: a main file (index.html) that uses CSS to place two <iframe>s side-by-side, which in turn load lists.html and tables.html.

1. Create the content files

Create the following two files and save them in the same directory as your main file:

lists.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>HTML Lists Content</title>

<style>

body { font-family: sans-serif; padding: 20px; background-color: #f0f8ff; }

h2 { color: #005f73; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>HTML Lists</h2>

<h3>Unordered List</h3>

<ul>

</ul>

<h3>Ordered List</h3>

<ol>

<li>First Item</li>

<li>Second Item</li>

<li>Third Item</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

tables.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>HTML Tables Content</title>

<style>

body { font-family: sans-serif; padding: 20px; background-color: #fffafa; }

h2 { color: #9400d3; }

table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }

th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }

th { background-color: #f2f2f2; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>HTML Tables</h2>

<table>

<thead>

<tr>

<th>Header 1</th>

<th>Header 2</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</body>

</html>

PODMESWAR HELP SECTOR

Pages

Chapter - 2 HTML and CSS3, Computer Science, Class ten ( 10 ), ASSEB ( SEBA ), Prepared by Podmeswar through AI

Translate

Wikipedia

Featured Post